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What does the name “xenobot” bring to mind for you? Inverting the design significantly reduces its net displacement ( P < 0.001), as did inverting the organisms ( P < 0.0001).” What are xenobots? Each of the six organisms were likewise inverted ( E): four were evaluated five times while the remaining two were only evaluated once (22 blue curves in F).
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To determine whether the organisms’ movement was a result of chance or due to the design’s evolved geometry and tissue placement, geometry and tissue distribution was altered by rotating the design 180° about its transverse plane ( D) and evaluating it another 25 times in silico (pink curves in F). The organisms’ direction of movement matched the design’s predicted direction of movement ( P < 0.01 details in SI Appendix, section S9). Three were evaluated four times and the other three were evaluated five times for 10 min each (27 blue curves in C). Six reconfigurable organisms were built which embodied this design (e.g., B) ( SI Appendix, section S9). The design was evaluated 25 times for 1 min of simulation time, resulting in 25 movement trajectories (pink curves in C). The first design selected for fabrication and specific hypothesis testing ( A) was the most robust yet stable and energy-efficient configuration of passive (epidermis green) and contractile (cardiac red) tissues found by the evolutionary algorithm. The original legend, “Transferal from silico to vivo. You take frog stem cells, supercomputers to tell you what to do with them, and you get xenobots? Can you really make living robots from stem cells called xenobots?